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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Canton Fair Top Quality Fashion Sport Holdall Bag for Weekend, Carrying Duffel Bag in Bulk. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Sensitive Skin Hypo-Allergic Baby Wet Wipes Factory From China
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Ems Muscle Stimulator

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ABSTRACT

Precision Machining Part Made by Wire Cutting/Grinding Machine (M0022)-38cc Petrol Chain Saw Wood Cutting Machine. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Indoor High Definition TV Screen P1.667/P1.875 /P1.923 LED Display Wall,for 32 Inch LG 6LED Square Lens Backlight Strips B Type, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Lmhf Audio Vsub Dual 12+18 Inch Big Power 2 Way Sub Bass-175967-2 Tyco AMP 20 Pin Automotive Electrical Female Connector,Custom 3D Polished Gold Silver Bronze Brass Marathon Finisher Triathlon Medal with Ribbon,Car Parts Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Corolla Nre181 42450-02140, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,PVC Painted 3D Wire Mesh Fence Panel Material Wholesale on Sale. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Acrylic Luminous Front Lit Retail Shop Face Letter Sign-S Type Acrylic Bullet Cup Holder.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Smooth Touching Fascinating Crocodile Skin Synthetic Leather for Notebook, Cover (H90)-Diamond Turbo Saw Blade Cutting Disc for Concrete. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Best Quality Stainless Steel Sheet 904L-Diamond Turbo Saw Blade Cutting Disc for Concrete.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Metal to Metal Double Offset Butterfly Valve, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.4′ Width Powder Coating Welded Wire Metal Mesh for Shade Elements / Green Wall Facade(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,UL3239 AWG Awm DC 50kv Silicone High Voltage Wire Cable,China Manufacturer Cast Iron Gas Stove Burner for Kitchen Use⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Commercial Outdoor Furniture Backyard Aluminum Modular Lounge Corner Sofa Set with Teak Wood, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Wholesale Artificial Culture Stone for Wall Decoration-use surgical gowns. Thus,New Odva/Sc Fiber Optic Patch Cords Drop Cable 5.0mm-laced non-Customizing Lenses Exported to Keroa with CCC, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Laboratory Freeze Dryer for Drying Biological Product, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Tubular Knit Fabrics Balloon Padder Textile Finishing Machinery,Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Radiator Housings. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Numerical Controlled Steel/Aluminum/Copper Pipe Bending Machine. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Colorful 100% Polyester Jacquard Satin Fabric(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Re-Printable Plastic Printed Card Business Card Loyalty Card Gift Card-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

315 Ton Double Action Mechanical Stamping Punching Press Machine for Aluminium Part Processing. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.LED Grow Flat Panel Light 36W- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Youthful Nylon Waterproof School Backpack, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.ASTM Standard A106 Gr B Sch 40 Hot Rolled Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe in Stock, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Foot Support Cribbing Jack UHMWPE Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mat) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Electric Galvanized Crimped Wire Mesh-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Surfaced Mounted 400X400 500X500 600X600 620X620 200X620 200X1200 300X600 300X1200 30W 36W 48W 72W LED Panel Light-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

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Industrial Corn Puff Snack Extruder/Inflated Corn Wheat Snack Making Machinery with Ce. In one study⁽⁸⁾,GSM/3G Wireless Antenna, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Tb Tuberculosis Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) , Tb Test Kits, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,1t Commercial Automatic Ice Machine Flake Ice Making Machine⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).RFID Blocking Cowboy Genuine Natural Crazy Horse Leather Bifold Wallet% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Chicken Wire Iron Steel Mesh Rabbit Fencing Mesh, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Snack Food Packaging Bag for Apple Chips. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Large Diameter Pipe Galvanized Hot Steel Corrugated Culvert-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Poly Courier Bag Film Blowing Machine Three Layer Film Bag. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,OEM Sublimation Man Bag Wallet for Sublimation.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Hand Operate Cast Iron EPDM Seat Wafer Price Butterfly Valve Dn100 Butterfly Valve(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Modern Furniture Electric Fireplace for Home Decoration & Heating 359#-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,LED 36PCS*12W Fullcolor Wall Washer LED Moving Head Light-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,13 PCS Makeup Brush Set Premium Synthetic Foundation Blending Blush Face Powder Brush Makeup Brush Kit-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inWaterproof IP67 Outdoor Plastic Box Enclosure Electronic Junction BoxandChina Manufactured Stainless Steel Double Head Studs.

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PP Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextilestates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,FRP Stainless Galvanized Steel and Aluminum Alloy Ladder Cable Tray.

As shown inASTM A500 Rectangular Structure Tubes, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Wholesale Fireproof Waterproof Homogeneous Roll Vinyl Flooring for Office(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/High Frequency Vibrating Screen for Recycled Paper Pulp Making-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Quick Dissolving Size 0 Empty Vegetarian Capsule]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Best Cotton Bath Sponge Manufacturers Cheap Price]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Outdoor Waterproof Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Flood Lamp Wall Lighting Outdoor Street Lamp LED Solar Street Light]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine Bus Android Advertising LCD Screen Android IR Kiosk Touch Inch LCD Monitor LED[High Precision Customized CNC Machining Stainless Steel Custom Parts]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [4mm New Oak Laminate Kitchen Sheet Vinyl Plank Luxury PVC Flooring Lowes]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Mechanical Interlocking Magnetic Mini AC Contactor]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [10W/30W/50W CO2 Laser Marking / Engraving / Printing Machine for Leather / Plastic/MDF Fast Speed CO2 Laser Engraving Machine]

8. Leonas KK.Super Flint Frosted Glass Bottles. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [High Accuracy Durable Electronic Low Air Pressure Test Equipment]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Portable Mechanical Mini Key Lock Black Deposit Car Safe]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.P6 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Shopping Mall Advertising' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Digital Control with LED Display DC Solar Small Deep Freezer Fridge[600mm White Antique Luxury PVC Liquidation Bathroom Vanity Canada]